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Fanconi Anemia (FA) is a rare, inherited disorder that primarily affects the bone marrow, leading to a condition known as aplastic anemia. Individuals with FA often experience a progressive failure of blood cell production, resulting in a range of serious health issues such as bleeding, infections, and fatigue. FA is also linked to a heightened risk of certain cancers, especially leukemia. This genetic disorder is caused by mutations in any of several genes that are involved in the repair of DNA damage. These mutations compromise the body’s ability to fix chromosomal damage, which leads to instability and a predisposition to various forms of cancer.
The history of Fanconi Anemia dates back to the early 20th century, when Swiss pediatrician Guido Fanconi first described the condition. Though it was initially understood only as a form of anemia, further research has revealed the complexities of its genetic underpinnings and broader clinical manifestations. Today, scientists and medical professionals recognize FA as a complex, multisystem disorder that affects not only blood cells but also organs such as the kidneys, liver, and skin.
Fanconi Anemia is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, meaning that both copies of the affected gene must be inherited for the disorder to manifest. The disease is rare, with an estimated incidence of about 1 in 130,000 to 1 in 350,000 births, depending on the population. While the disease is more commonly diagnosed in childhood, individuals with milder forms of FA may not show symptoms until later in life.
