The book delves into the biology of these fungi, particularly how melanin interacts with ionizing radiation, building from the backdrop of the Chernobyl disaster. Progressing from the fundamentals of fungal biology and radiation, the narrative explores the ecological roles of these organisms in contaminated sites and their implications for astrobiology, contemplating their potential existence on other planets. It presents a unique perspective by focusing on the energy-harvesting potential of melanin, providing a comprehensive view of fungal adaptation to extreme radiation.