The Paradox of Gendarmeries: Between Expansion, Demilitarization and Dissolution

Derek Lutterbeck

Oct 2013 · SSR Papers Book 8 · Ubiquity Press

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About this ebook

This paper describes and explains the evolution of gendarmerie-type forces, i.e. police forces with a military status, over the past three decades. It focuses on their institutional features and functions, including material and human resources, and uses case studies from Europe, the Middle East and North Africa to illustrate these characteristics in different contexts. The overall development of gendarmeries has been a somewhat paradoxical one. On the one hand, most of these forces have witnessed a considerable expansion, and come to assume an increasingly prominent role in addressing many of the currently most important security challenges, ranging from border control and counterterrorism to public order tasks in international peace operations. On the other hand, there has also been a trend towards the demilitarization of gendarmeries, which in some European countries has ultimately led to their dissolution and integration into the civilian police. The paper suggests an explanation of these seemingly contradictory developments with reference to two broad – and at least partly opposing – trends: the convergence of internal and external security agendas, which to a large extent is a post-Cold War phenomenon; and the demilitarization of internal security, which is a more long-term historical trend and part of the more general democratization process. Based on this analysis, the paper predicts that in the long run gendarmeries are likely to be further demilitarized, eventually losing their formal military status, although in the context of international peace operations militarized gendarmerie forces are expected to play an increasingly significant part.

About the author

Derek Lutterbeck is deputy director and holder of the Swiss Chair at the Mediterranean Academy of Diplomatic Studies (MEDAC) in Malta and a project partner of the Research Division within the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF). He holds a PhD in political science from the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (HEI) in Geneva. His recent research has focused primarily on security sector reform as well as migration issues in the Mediterranean region. His publications have appeared in Armed Forces and Society, Mediterranean Politics, the Journal of North African Studies, Contemporary Security Policy, Mediterranean Quarterly, Cooperation and Conflict, European Security and Sicherheit und Frieden.

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