The immediate crisis created by Perry's arrival extended far beyond questions of foreign trade to encompass fundamental challenges to the legitimacy and effectiveness of Tokugawa rule that had been building for decades beneath the surface of apparent stability. The shogunate's inability to repel foreign ships or enforce its exclusion policies demonstrated military weakness that contradicted its basic claim to authority as the protector of Japan against foreign threats. The visible superiority of Western technology, particularly in naval and military spheres, highlighted Japan's technological backwardness and raised urgent questions about the country's ability to maintain independence in an increasingly connected and competitive world.