World War II: Japan’s Path to Conflict and Aftermath

The roots of Japan's wartime aggression can be traced to the Meiji Restoration of 1868, which marked the end of Japan's feudal system and the beginning of its rapid modernization. The new imperial government adopted the slogan "fukoku kyōhei" (rich country, strong military), recognizing that military strength was essential for national survival in an age of Western imperialism. This philosophy would profoundly shape Japanese thinking for the next century, creating a culture where military expansion was seen as both necessary and noble.

By the early twentieth century, Japan had already demonstrated its military prowess through victories in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) and the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). These conflicts established Japan as a regional power and provided valuable lessons in modern warfare. More importantly, they reinforced the belief among Japanese leaders that military action could solve the nation's fundamental problems, particularly its lack of natural resources and limited territory for its growing population.