The strategic situation that prevailed in the Middle East by 1973 had created a dangerous stability that favored Israel while leaving Arab populations increasingly frustrated with their leaders' inability to recover territories and dignity lost in previous conflicts. Israel's occupation of the Sinai Peninsula, West Bank, Gaza Strip, and Golan Heights had effectively doubled the size of territory under Israeli control while providing strategic depth and economic resources that enhanced Israeli security and prosperity at the expense of Arab neighbors. The construction of the Bar Lev Line along the Suez Canal and the fortification of the Golan Heights demonstrated Israeli confidence in their ability to maintain these conquests indefinitely while the ongoing settlement activities in occupied territories suggested that the temporary military occupation was becoming permanent colonization.