Marine Biology: The Study of Ocean Life and Ecosystems

The physical and chemical properties of seawater create the fundamental conditions that shape marine life, with salinity, temperature, pressure, and light availability serving as primary factors influencing the distribution and evolution of marine organisms. Seawater's average salinity of 35 parts per thousand creates an osmotic challenge for most organisms, requiring specialized physiological mechanisms to maintain water balance and cellular function in this hyperosmotic environment.

Temperature stratification in the ocean creates distinct thermal zones that profoundly influence marine ecosystems, with the thermocline serving as a barrier that separates warm surface waters from cold deep waters in most regions. This thermal structure affects nutrient distribution, oxygen levels, and organism distribution, creating vertical zonation patterns that are among the most fundamental organizing principles in marine ecology.