Isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions

The book explains what solutes and solvents are, how concentration works, and how terms such as hyper, hypo, and iso describe different solution types. Readers will learn about cations, anions, ions, osmosis, cell membranes, and the difference between intracellular and extracellular fluid.

It also describes plasmolysis, cytolysis, and osmotic lysis, along with the effects of hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions on cells. Clinical uses are outlined, such as giving hypertonic solutions in cases of cerebral edema or hyponatremia, and the risks of hypotonic solutions causing cell swelling or lysis.

The book highlights how isotonic solutions maintain equilibrium, prevent fluid shifts, and increase extracellular fluid volume without disturbing the balance inside the cell.

This book will be useful for nursing students, medical students, and healthcare workers who want to understand isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions, their effects on cells, and their role in patient care.