Osteoarthritis

The book introduces osteoarthritis as a degenerative joint disease that often affects synovial joints such as the knees, hips, spine, and hands. It explains the roles of cartilage, chondrocytes, and synovial fluid, and why cartilage damage cannot be reversed due to lack of blood supply.

Types of osteoarthritis are described, including primary osteoarthritis linked with aging and secondary osteoarthritis caused by trauma, congenital problems, inflammation, or other conditions. The text highlights common signs such as Heberden’s nodes, Bouchard’s nodes, swelling, stiffness, and decreased mobility.

Risk factors such as obesity, repetitive strain, fractures, neurological disorders, medications, and genetics are also discussed. Diagnostic approaches include X-rays, MRI, and joint aspiration.

Treatment options are outlined, including physical therapy, braces, medications, injections, surgery, rest, weight management, and avoiding high-impact exercise. The book also explains surgical procedures such as joint replacement, arthroscopy, and osteotomy.

A useful reference for students, healthcare workers, and general audiences interested in osteoarthritis, its risks, and how it can be managed.