The book progresses by first introducing core ethical concepts such as distinction, proportionality, and necessity, alongside legal frameworks governing armed conflict. It then delves into specific ethical dilemmas, including the protection of non-combatants in urban warfare and the implications of targeted killings. By exploring these issues through historical case studies, legal analyses, and empirical research, the book offers a practical framework for military professionals, policymakers, and citizens to navigate the ethical complexities of twenty-first-century warfare. It underscores the importance of ethical training and leadership within military institutions, alongside robust international accountability.