The Patanjali Yoga Sutras is a foundational text of classical Yoga philosophy, composed of 195 concise aphorisms (sutras) compiled by the sage Patanjali between 200 BCE and 400 CE. It outlines the path to spiritual liberation through mental discipline, self-awareness, and meditation. The text is divided into four chapters: Samadhi Pada (on meditative absorption), Sadhana Pada (on practice), Vibhuti Pada (on supernatural powers), and Kaivalya Pada (on liberation). Central to the Sutras is the definition of yoga as the stilling of the fluctuations of the mind (yogaś citta-vṛtti-nirodhaḥ), allowing the true self (puruṣa) to be realized. Patanjali introduces the Eight Limbs of Yoga (Aṣṭāṅga Yoga)—ethical disciplines, personal observances, postures, breath control, sense withdrawal, concentration, meditation, and samadhi.- Written in short aphorisms (sutras), each packed with deep meaning.
- Offers a clear metaphysical framework involving Puruṣa (consciousness) and Prakṛti (nature).
- Divided into four logical chapters covering theory, practice, outcomes, and liberation.
- Introduces the Eight Limbs of Yoga for disciplined spiritual practice.
- Analyzes the workings of the mind and how to overcome its disturbances.