The Critique of Practical Reason

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In his Critique of Practical Reason (1788), Kant claimed that humans are free when their actions are governed by reason. Reason (what he sometimes called the "noumenal self") is in some sense independent of the rest of the agent, allowing him to choose morally.

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Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) was a towering figure in the realm of philosophy, whose ideas continue to resonate through modern thought. Born in Königsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia), Kant's life was marked by a relentless pursuit of knowledge and an unwavering commitment to intellectual rigor. Despite never traveling more than a few miles from his hometown, his ideas traversed the globe, challenging and reshaping the philosophical landscape.Kant's revolutionary contributions to metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics laid the groundwork for much of contemporary philosophy. He introduced the concept of the "categorical imperative," a principle that asserts the necessity of universal moral laws, which has profoundly influenced ethical theory. His insistence on the importance of human autonomy and rationality sparked debates that continue to this day.Notably, Kant's work stirred controversy, particularly his critiques of traditional metaphysics and his challenge to the prevailing religious and scientific doctrines of his time. His assertion that human experience is shaped by innate structures of the mind was a radical departure from the empiricism that dominated the Enlightenment.Kant's influence extends beyond philosophy into literature, political theory, and even psychology. Contemporary writers and thinkers, from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe to modern existentialists like Jean-Paul Sartre, have grappled with his ideas. His legacy is a testament to the enduring power of critical thought and the quest for understanding the human condition.

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