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Henry James was an American-born writer who became a British citizen, widely regarded as one of the major figures of 19th-century literary realism. Born in New York City, James spent much of his life in Europe and is best known for his psychological insight, refined prose, and his exploration of consciousness and perception. His works frequently examine the encounters between Americans and Europeans, capturing the cultural contrasts and tensions between the Old World and the New. His contribution to the novel as a literary form remains highly influential.

James's literary career spanned over five decades and included novels, short stories, essays, and criticism. His early works, such as Daisy Miller (1878) and The Portrait of a Lady (1881), introduced his enduring theme: the clash between American innocence and European sophistication. These narratives often feature American protagonists navigating foreign societies, revealing the moral ambiguities and psychological complexities of their experiences.

Henry James was a pioneer in exploring the interior lives of his characters, helping to shape the modern psychological novel. His focus on consciousness, subtlety of perception, and moral complexity influenced writers such as Virginia Woolf, James Joyce, and Edith Wharton. Though sometimes criticized for his dense and elaborate prose, James's stylistic precision and narrative innovation earned him lasting recognition.

James also contributed significantly to the transatlantic literary tradition, bridging American and European sensibilities. His nuanced portrayals of society, identity, and the limitations of knowledge anticipated many of the concerns of modernist literature. The term "Jamesian" has come to describe fiction characterized by psychological depth and formal elegance.