A Fellow in the Economics of Religion at the Institute of Economic Affairs, Dr Koehler studies the impact of Abrahamic religions on medieval economics and business. He has written biographies of Adam Müller (1980) and Ludwig Bamberger (1999) and is the author of Early Islam and the Birth of Capitalism (2014). He has also published on nineteenth-century intellectual and business history. He was educated at Yale, Tübingen and City University London.