Professor Henry Widdowson is Emeritus Professor of Education, University of London, and has also been Professor of Applied Linguistics at Essex University and Professor of English Linguistics at the University of Vienna. Martin Bygate is Professor of Applied Linguistics and Language Education in the Department of Linguistics and Modern English Language at Lancaster University. He has worked as a teacher-trainer in a number of countries including France, Morocco, Brazil, Spain, and Italy, and as a lecturer at the School of Education, University of Leeds. His main research interests are in oral second language learning, particularly the use of pedagogic tasks, the development of oral second language proficiency, dimensions of teacher talk, and classroom interaction.