Periodic Table 2025. Chemistry

Ithebula lezikhathi ezinhle kakhulu likaMendeleev ku-Google Play. Indlela entsha yokufunda i-chemistry.

I-Chemistry isayensi yezinto, izakhiwo zazo, ukwakheka kanye noguquko olubangelwa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali, kanye nemithetho elawula lezi zinguquko.

Zonke izinto zakhiwe ama-athomu, akwazi ukwenza ama-molecule ngenxa yezibopho zawo zamakhemikhali. I-Chemistry ibhekana kakhulu nalokhu kusebenzisana ezingeni le-atomic-molecule, okungukuthi, ezingeni lezakhi zamakhemikhali nezinhlanganisela zazo.

Isistimu ye-periodic yezinto zamakhemikhali (ithebula le-Mendeleev le-periodic) liyisigaba sezakhi zamakhemikhali ezisungula ukuncika kwezakhiwo ezihlukahlukene zezakhi ekukhokhiseni kwe-nucleus ye-athomu. Uhlelo ukumelelwa graphic umthetho ngezikhathi ezithile owasungulwa Russian usokhemisi uDmitri Mendeleev ngo 1869. Inguqulo yayo yokuqala yasungulwa ngu Dmitri Mendeleev ngo 1869-1871 futhi wasungula ukuthi izakhiwo izakhi incike mass yabo athomu.

Ithebula lezikhathi ezithile likaMendeleev liwuhlelo lokusebenza olusebenzisanayo oluzokusiza ukuthi ungene ezweni elithakazelisayo lamakhemikhali futhi uthole ukuthi umhlaba okuzungezile usebenza kanjani. Ithebula le-periodic ku-smartphone yakho elihlale likuwe ephaketheni lakho lizokusiza ukuthi ufunde ngokushesha lonke ulwazi oludingekayo mayelana nezakhi zamakhemikhali futhi ulisebenzise ekuhlolweni, elabhorethri, noma nje esifundweni samakhemikhali. Ithebula le-periodic lizifanele zombili izingane zesikole ezisanda kuqala ukufunda i-chemistry, kanye nabafundi beminyango yamakhemikhali noma ochwepheshe embonini yamakhemikhali.

Ithebula lethu le-periodic linefomu lesikhathi eside, eliye lamukelwa emhlabeni wonke yi-International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) njengeliyinhloko. Kuleli fomu, ithebula liqukethe amaqembu ayi-18 futhi njengamanje lethula izakhi zamakhemikhali eziyi-118.

Ama-elementi ahlukaniswe ngezigaba eziyi-10:

• Okungezona izinsimbi
• Amagesi ahloniphekile (Amagesi angangeni)
• Izinsimbi ze-alkali
• Izinsimbi zomhlaba ezine-alkaline
• Ama-Metalloids (Ama-Semimetals)
• Ama-halogen
• Izinsimbi zangemva kwenguquko
• Izinsimbi zokushintsha
• I-Lanthanides (Lanthanoids)
• Ama-Actinides (Actinoids)

Ithebula lethu liqukethe inani elikhulu lolwazi mayelana ne-elementi yekhemikhali ngayinye futhi lethula i-athomu, i-thermodynamic, i-electromagnetic, izakhiwo zenuzi, izakhiwo zezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nokusebenza kabusha kwe-elementi ngayinye. Ngaphandle kwalokho, umdwebo opopayi wamagobolondo we-elekthronikhi uyaboniswa ku-elementi ngayinye. Uhlelo lokusebenza lunethuluzi lokusesha elilula elikusiza ukuthi uthole ngokushesha into ethile ngophawu, igama noma inombolo ye-athomu.

Ngaphezu kwakho konke okungenhla, uhlelo lokusebenza luqukethe izinto ezithakazelisayo njengokuthi:

1. Isithombe se-elementi esibonisa ukuthi ikhemikhali ethile ibukeka kanjani empeleni noma ezimeni zaselabhorethri.

2. Uhlu lwama-isotopes wezakhi kanye nezakhiwo zazo. I-isotope i-athomu ye-elementi yamakhemikhali ehlukile kwenye i-athomu ye-elementi efanayo ngesisindo sayo se-athomu.

3. Ithebula le-solubility likasawoti, ama-acids kanye nezisekelo, okubalulekile ekutadisheni i-chemistry, ikakhulukazi esikoleni. I-Solubility ikhono lento ukwenza amasistimu a-homogeneous nezinye izinto - izixazululo lapho into ihlala isesimweni sama-athomu ngamanye, ama-ion, ama-molecule noma izinhlayiya. Ithebula le-solubility lisetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa izimo zokusabela. Njengoba ukwakheka kwemvula (ukungaguquleki kokusabela) kungenye yezimfuneko zokusabela, ithebula le-solubility lizokusiza ukuthi uhlole ukuthi ingabe imvula yakhiwe futhi ngaleyo ndlela unqume ukuthi ukusabela kuyenzeka noma cha.

4. I-molar calculator, ezosiza ekubaleni isisindo se-molar yenhlanganisela yamakhemikhali equkethe iqoqo lezakhi zamakhemikhali.

5. Ukubuka kwetafula lokusondeza okungu-4x

Zitholele umhlaba ohehayo noyimfihlakalo wamakhemikhali ngokusebenzisa uhlelo lwethu lokusebenza, futhi uzofunda izimpendulo eziningi ezithokozisayo zemibuzo ongase ube nayo ngenkathi ufunda isayensi ethokozisayo njengekhemistri.